Christ as Ruler of the Universe, the Virgin and Child, and Saints (c. 900 AD)

This image shows the apse in the Cathedral of Monreale, in Sicily. It was decorated shortly before 1190, by Byzantine craftsman. Christ is the central figure in this piece, represented as the Ruler of the Universe. His right hand is raised in blessing. Below Christ is the Holy Virgin, enthroned as if an empress, and flanked by two archangels and the solemn row of Saints. This apse would most likely have caused a lot of tension and argument during the iconoclastic controversy. These images seemed to be such perfect symbols of the Holy Truth, that there seemed to be no need to depart from them. Therefore they continued to “hold their sway” the countries ruled by the Eastern Church.

“Apse: a large semicircular or polygonal recess in a church, arched or with a domed roof, typically at the eastern end, and usually containing the altar.”